Dan Jones. The Wars of the Roses. New York: Penguin, 2015. E-book.

Like many people, I have gotten much of my English history from historical fiction, especially Shakespeare but also including writers from Walter Scott to Philippa Gregory. Since I do teach some of the Shakespeare English histories from time to time (always Henry IV Part 1, usually Henry V, and sometimes Richard III), I have a fairly detailed royal family tree that I give to my students. Still, a lot of the nonfiction background reading that I have done has been articles and works like Asimov’s Guide to Shakespeare—yes, Isaac Asimov the Robot guy. Jones’ The Wars of the Roses goes into much greater detail, but it reads like a novel. I believe that is simply that this period in English history is wilder than any storyteller could fabricate.

In the early part of the fifteenth century, it appeared that England was on the rise. It had a stable, capable government led by a king who is arguably the best monarch in the country’s history (Shakespeare thought so). It appeared that the Hundred Years’ War had been settled and England had regained much of the continental land that it had lost in the thirteenth century. Indeed, the French were going to recognize the son of Henry V as their king as well as England’s.

Jones quotes Ecclesiastes 10:16 and applies it directly to England. Alas for England, Henry V died young in 1422, leaving behind a 9-month-old son. What is remarkable, actually, is that Henry had put in place a leadership team that would manage the country quite well while the young Henry VI was growing up. The problem is that Henry VI was no ruler, and by the time he was in his late twenties, the old leaders were largely gone and the next generation was vying for power with a king who did little about it.

Meanwhile, the French gained back much of the land Henry V had conquered, and they never had to recognize Henry VI as theirs. We learn about Joan of Arc and others who helped bring this about.

The Wars of the Roses started in earnest around 1450, and England was in a state of civil war much of the time until 1485 when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III in battle and became Henry VII. Yes, the main competing royal houses were those of Lancaster, supporters of Henry VI and his family and associates, and the Dukes of York who also claimed royal ancestry and were frustrated over Henry VI.

The crown actually did change hands several times, but what is perhaps most remarkable is that nearly everyone involved in an attempt to rule or, often, simply to bring order to their own region, was killed. Some were killed in battle, but most were killed judicially. A few were assassinated.

I once read the Chinese classic The Three Kingdoms. That work covers a period of about a century during a time of great civil unrest in China. It was appalling how many men were beheaded by their enemies and allies alike. I realize after reading The Wars of the Roses that fifteenth century England was not much different. I understand that Lewis Carroll’s Alice stories in part parody English history. Now I can understand where the Red Queen’s “off with his head!” came from.

Henry VI was overthrown but came back to power about nine years later. At one point before his overthrow he had actually been in a catatonic state for about fifteen months beginning in 1453, probably from a stroke. People hoped he would follow in the footsteps of his father. It appeared he was following after his French grandfather, Charles VI, a.k.a. Charles the Mad.

One of the main figures in all the intrigue is the Earl of Warwick. He had become quite powerful and something of a literal kingmaker. Still, things would catch up with him eventually. Jones believes it is no surprise that one of Warwick’s knights, Sir Thomas Malory, would write a collection of King Arthur stories to give people a sense of what a true and good king should be like, but also with an awareness of plotting and civil strife going on just below the surface.

The Yorkist Edward IV ruled 1461-1483 with a significant interruption. He seemed to managing to get things together, but alas, when he died, his oldest son was only twelve, and he was put out of the way shortly by people supporting Edward IV’s brother who became Richard III.

Jones describes the fascinating rise of the Tudors. It is probably even more remarkable than the rise of the Stewarts in Scotland. Owen Tudor was a Welsh nobleman. He claimed some ancestry from Welsh kings. Jones is dubious of the claims, but, of course, Welsh kings would include Arthur. He became the lover and then the wife of King Henry V’s widow. For a long time Katherine of Anjou as the young Henry VI’s mother had a lot of power. While she lived, she never receded quite to the background. When the Yorkists were in power after 1460, the Tudors were in France and Brittany for safety. Owen’s son Edward had one son, Henry.

At the time Brittany was a separate Duchy from France, and the Tudors found favor with the Dukes there. Brittany and Wales were both made up of Britons who had been driven west and south by the Anglo-Saxons. Even today a person speaking Welsh and one speaking Breton can understand each other. The Tudors did have some difficulties when the King of France took over Brittany, but they managed to win favor with him as well. Although never stated, a recurring theme in The Wars of the Roses is the enemy of my enemy is my friend.

Interestingly, Jones points out that Edmund Tudor, Owen’s son, was Welsh and French, not English. The only provable royal blood in his veins was French from his mother, though she did become Queen of England by marriage. Still, he married Margaret Beaufort, the daughter of the Earl of Somerset, a son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; both Somerset and Gaunt were brothers to kings. So Henry Tudor, Edmund’s son could claim English royal blood through his mother.

In normal circumstances, being third cousin from one sitting king and third cousin twice removed from his rival would mean that Henry Tudor would have virtually no chance of becoming king. However, many of the people who might have been in his way had been killed or imprisoned. He did take a big risk fighting Richard III in 1485, but he had procured enough allies and Richard was killed in battle, and so he started a new dynasty.

Jones does not end his history with 1485. There was something of a legacy of that bloody century. He notes a few pretenders who claimed be one of the young princes who were killed in the Tower of London. These proved to be phonies, but Henry VII was relatively merciful to them. Henry also looked with suspicion on anyone with a royal connection. As he grew older, he became more paranoid apparently, and a few somewhat harmless souls ended up being accused of treason and losing their heads.

Perhaps to prove a point, Henry VII named his first son Arthur, not only suggesting his Welsh background, but his hopes for a stable and great British rule. Arthur died childless before his father did, so Henry Tudor’s second son would become the next king, Henry VIII. Jones points out that there were many conflicts in England in the next century, but most of them involved religion and international intrigue. He also notes that between 1413 and 1509 no King of England took the throne as the adult son of the previous king. The new king was either a child or had overthrown the previous one. Even in 1509, Henry VIII was only seventeen, but he was pretty experienced and was up to the task.

Interestingly, Jones notes that the term War or Wars of the Roses was first used in the early nineteenth century. Still, the Tudors would use the symbols of the roses to not only emphasize their legitimacy but to present the idea that they had brought stability to the land after of period of incompetent or evil rulers. By the time Shakespeare was writing, some of the events had already been transformed from history to legend. Jones wants to emphasize the history.

The Wars of the Roses reads like a novel. Jones does a pretty good job with background, and he alternates chapters like a novelist to keep the pages turning. It is a wild run.

I have not read any Song of Fire and Ice books, nor do I get the Game of Thrones television show on my set, but I have certainly read enough about the program. George R. R. Martin, the author of the books, has said that he was inspired by the Wars of the Roses. Lannister even sounds like Lancaster. I suspect that fans of the television show or Martin’s book series would enjoy this book, even if it is nonfiction.

Booth Tarkington. The Magnificent Ambersons. 1918; Project Gutenberg, 16 Sep 2016. E-Book.

In what seems like a never-ending quest to find things related to The Great Gatsby, I decided to read The Magnificent Ambersons. Fitzgerald apparently was influenced by Tarkington, another Midwestern Princetonian who had made a splash in the literary world. Indeed, the title of The Great Gatsby echoes The Magnificent Ambersons, although the title was suggested by an editor, not by Fitzgerald. Tarkington won a Pulitzer in 1919 for this book.

Years ago I read Tarkington’s Seventeen, which was quite funny. Ambersons is not so funny, unless you find all irony funny. The decline of a prominent family parallels the rise of an American city. That is the theme in a nutshell, but, of course, the human story gets our attention.

There is a pattern that we often see in the Bible. I recall years ago listening to a tape entitled The Tragedy of the Third Generation Religion by Paris Reidhead. Frequently the first generation that is touched by God is quite strong and loyal. The second generation is usually reliably faithful because they witnessed or heard directly what God did. The third generation often falls away. To them it’s ancient history.

In our last review we mentioned how Er, the son of Judah was “wicked,” but he was two generations after Jacob. Similarly, David left Solomon a godly legacy, but Solomon’s son was a rebel and broke up the Kingdom.

A friend recently told me of a study saying something similar happens with families that become successful in business. The first two generations tend to handle the wealth responsibly, but the third generation takes it for granted and often squanders it or worse.

That sums up The Magnificent Ambersons. Civil War veteran Major Amberson founded the family fortune. There is a mansion and two hundred acres known as the Amberson Addition. The family owns a hotel in town. The Major’s son serves as a Congressman. His daughter marries Wilbur Minafer, a “steady young businessman and church-goer.” (228) The story focuses on the only member of the third generation of Ambersons, George Amberson Minafer, terribly spoiled and terribly proud.

His uncle the Congressman is also named George, and occasionally this causes some confusion to the reader, though often young George is Georgie. Georgie is wrapped up in himself. And his mother is likewise wrapped up in her only child. This does make him independent: He is not a follower, but he also has little understanding of other people. The main conflict in the novel involves a love triangle formed by three people Georgie is close to, but he is clueless about it until quite late in the story. The reader can laugh at Georgie or merely shake his head.

People in town suggest that someday Georgie will get his “comeuppance.” He does. It is not clear that he learns anything, but by the end his family has had to sell off nearly all their property, and Georgie has to find an actual job. But The Magnificent Ambersons is set in America, and we traditionally have been skeptical of aristocracy. And unlike a decadent aristocrat out of Chekhov or Wilde, Georgie does go to work.

There is also a sense that things have passed the Ambersons by. Georgie convinces himself that automobiles are merely a fad and will never replace the horse. But things never quite stay the same.

Much of the story has to do with Georgie’s love life—I use the term somewhat loosely. He does have sort of a girl friend, but she is reluctant to commit. They are comfortable with each other and appear together socially for about five years, but when Georgie tells her that he does not want to have a job but merely serve on clubs, committees, and charities, we understand her reluctance to stick with him.

The ending seems a bit tacked on, that the author had to figure out a way to wrap things up. It does wrap things up so that there is a sense of hope at the end. It is not a tragedy like Gatsby. Still, I am not sure the purpose is achieved. Thomas Mann uses a similar device toward the end of The Magic Mountain, but there it is effective and even, dare I say, prophetic. With The Magnificent Ambersons, it merely comes across as a device, even a trick.

Still, it is an entertaining story. It is hard to sympathize with any of the characters much, but we can take the author’s persona and enjoy what he says about America, about the rich, and about human pride.

Francine Rivers. A Lineage of Grace. 2000-2001; Carol Stream IL: Tyndale, 2009. Print.

A Lineage of Grace is a collection of five short novels originally published separately. A friend who thought I would like them lent the five hardcover volumes to me about a year ago. In the meantime I discovered that they had been compiled into a single thick trade paperback volume which I also had access to. I ended up reading them in the single volume because it was easier to carry on vacation.

Before reviewing these books, I have to mention a misperception I had about Francine Rivers. The first book I ever read of hers was The Last Sin Eater. That is a powerful book with real literary quality. Indeed, I assumed she was a literary author with a Christian bent like Leif Enger or Edward P. Jones. Some years later I read one of her other books. It was an entertaining historical romance, a Ben-Hur type story with a female protagonist. (The girl becomes a house slave rather than a galley slave, but you get the idea). That book was apparently the first in a series. It was worth reading, but after reading the second volume, I never bothered with the third. I just did not care that much, and I realized that I was in fact reading a formulaic romance.

Thanks to the detailed description of the author in the edition of A Lineage of Grace, I learned that Mrs. Rivers in fact is known as a romance writer and has received various awards in that genre. In fact, The Last Sin Eater was something of an anomaly. It perhaps showed what she could do, but producing one or two popular romances a year is certainly a better way to make money and keep the publishers happy.

The five novels that make up A Lineage of Grace can be considered romances in the sense that the main characters are women. However, probably only one could be considered a romance in the traditional Austen-Brontë sense where the focus is on how the woman got the man and lived happily ever after. That is because these books are Biblical fiction, well-imagined tales about the women who appear in the genealogy of Jesus. That tells us something of the title of collection—exactly whose lineage we are talking about.

Here are the novels: Unveiled, about Tamar the daughter-in-law and consort of Judah who gave birth to the sons who would begin the royal line of Judah; Unashamed, about Rahab the harlot the native of Jericho who helped the Israelite spies and ended up marrying an Israelite; Unshaken, about Ruth the Moabite who married Boaz and became the great-grandmother of King David; Unspoken, about Bathsheba who committed adultery with David and became the mother of King Solomon; and Unafraid, about Mary, the mother of Jesus.

It is interesting to note that the first three women were not Israelites. With Tamar that is perfectly understandable since she is a contemporary of Jacob, and Jacob’s sons had to get their wives from somewhere since the Israelites as a separate people really begins with Jacob’s descendants. Some commentators would say that Jacob and his sons had to sojourn in Egypt for some time to develop their own identity and not be absorbed into other Canaanite or Syrian people groups.

Rahab, of course, was from Jericho, the city that would be destroyed by the Israelite invasion into the Holy Land. Not only was she a pagan, but she was a prostitute as well, but even the Bible tells us that she had enough sense to see that the Israelite God was more powerful than even the Egyptian gods (Joshua 2:9-11). The Bible tells us that she married Salmon, a Judahite, and they would become the parents of Boaz.

The Bible actually tells us more about Ruth than any of the other women protagonists of these novels thanks to the Book of Ruth. She was from Moab and actually immigrated to Judah in part because of her faith in the God of Israel.

Bathsheba and Mary, of course, were Jews. However, even Bathsheba is not exactly a role model for her unfaithfulness to her husband.

Unveiled does a clever job of imagining what life must have been like among the semi-nomadic peoples that inhabited Canaan at the time of Jacob. Imagine if you can that your first two husbands were both killed by their God because of their wickedness. What might you think about that God? Was He cruel? Was he just?

Unveiled portrays Tamar as having to marry Er through an arranged marriage. Jacob’s sons were wealthy and would have made attractive matches, but character counts. The Bible describes Er in a single sentence “Er was a wicked man in the Lord’s sight.” (Genesis 38:7) Rivers does a good job of showing, at least with some imagination, that Er was some kind of jerk. The main conflict here, though, comes from Tamar’s mother-in-law. The Bible tells us she was a Canaanite and Rivers imagines her following Canaanite gods and having mastery over her sons in spite of father-in-law Jacob’s beliefs.

This is easy enough to imagine even if it is extra-biblical. Similarly, Rivers imagines Tamar having an older sister who was dedicated to one of the Canaanite gods and becomes a shrine prostitute. We know from archaeology and the Bible that this was not an uncommon practice in those days, just as it is still done in some South Asian countries today. So when Rivers sets the scene described in Genesis 37 where Tamar disguises herself as a shrine prostitute, she obtains the clothes from those made for her sister.

Genesis 38:11 also notes that Judah sent Tamar back to her own parents after his two sons had died, and that he probably had no intent of marrying her to his third son Shelah as the law required. All Scripture says is that Judah was afraid that Shelah would die as well. Rivers displays the fear and superstition that could have gripped Judah’s whole family, that Tamar might have been feared the way a “Jonah” is aboard a ship. Clever indeed, but believable. In the end, we get a sense of justice of some kind for Tamar. She does bear her husband’s seed the way she legally was supposed to, and her sons become Judah’s heirs.

Unashamed tells a story about Rahab. The Bible tells us little of her other than what I already shared. Rivers, though presents a plausible scenario. Here Rahab is given to the King of Jericho as a concubine to give her father some political advantage. She is neither a shrine prostitute as Rivers imagines Tamar’s sister nor a wife. She might be compared to Scheherazade a little except that when the king tires of her, she is not killed but simply sent back home; but no one wants her, so she becomes a prostitute. Inferring from what Joshua 2:2 tells us, she imagines Rahab prospering because she reports to the king various things she hears in her occupation that might affect him.

Much of the conflict here comes because the Israelite spies have promised Rahab that any family member of hers in her house when they attack will also be spared. But who would believe Rahab or even want to be associated with her?

Though the Bible does not name either of the Israelite spies whom Rahab helps, Rivers easily imagines that Salmon is one of them. That is certainly a possibility since he would have been one of the leaders of Judah at the time of Joshua but also young enough not to have already been married.

Salmon has to defend Rahab’s character and his choice of bride to many of the Israelites as well. Yes, she helped them. Yes, she believes in Yahweh. But she is a Canaanite and a prostitute. Perhaps it does say something about the God of the Bible that He does recognize repentance and conversion so that even an open sinner and outsider can be adopted into God’s family and become an ancestor of King David and of the Messiah Himself.

Unshaken is probably the closest to a romance in this set of stories. But Unshaken focuses on Ruth and Naomi. Boaz is a relatively minor character. The perspective here is survival, which is probably not far from the Biblical account. Naomi returns to her hometown after a long sojourn in Moab with no one other than her widowed Moabite daughter-in-law. They have no son or husband to protect them, and both are subject to suspicion by the Bethlehemites How will they even earn a living?

Naomi’s faithfulness is questioned since she left the town years before. Yes, she went because her husband wanted to avoid the famine, but why had she returned now? And Ruth, of course, was a goy, an outsider. She had confessed her faith in the God of Israel, but the Law was pretty strict about Moabites after all the business with Balaam.

I have heard the scene in which Ruth places herself under Boaz’s feet while he is sleeping in different ways. I had never heard it interpreted the way Rivers does it, but like most of her fiction here, it is plausible. It also adds to the conflict. We see much of the story through Naomi’s point of view, which adds an interesting dimension.

Unspoken is the most romantic tale in the literary sense because it emphasizes the emotion. Rivers does a clever job of putting together what little we know of Bathsheba from the Bible into another plausible tale. The Bible tells us that Bathsheba is the daughter of Ammiel, one of David’s “thirty,” his top soldiers and bodyguards. Her husband Uriah the Hittite is also one the thirty. She is granddaughter of Ahithophel, a key advisor to David.

With all this connection to David and his army, Rivers first presents Bathsheba as a little girl with a crush on David. While she respects and seems happy enough with Uriah later after she marries, when David summons her, she goes in with eyes wide open. We also understand that David would have been a good deal older than she.

Her girlish fantasy might have been fulfilled, but the reality is not easy. Yes, David is attracted to her, but he had her husband killed. He is very busy as a king and general, and she is only one of several wives. Abigail treats her with understanding, but there is a lot of rivalry among the wives. She loses her first child but does give birth to Lemuel Solomon.

I wonder if one little detail in Rivers’ version really happened the way she says. She has Uriah learn about Bathsheba’s adultery before he goes off to battle to be killed. The Bible is silent on that, but the novel suggests that when Uriah tells David that he will not go home to be with his wife it is because he is upset at her and David, not for the reasons the Bible says he gives David. Still, it could have happened that way.

A good part of the story deals with the family conflict in the House of David, something which the prophet Nathan said David had brought upon himself (see II Samuel 12:10). Bathsheba through all this is a careful observer and intercedes for Solomon at just the right time as some of his older half-brothers have gone too far in either their search for revenge or in their political ambitions.

Solomon tells us in the Bible that he received some of his wisdom from his mother (see Proverbs 31:1). Rivers cleverly scatters a few of Solomon’s proverbial sayings in the tale to suggest both that Bathsheba learned from her experiences and her sons learned from her.

The last woman mentioned in Christ’s genealogy is, of course, Mary, His mother. So Unafraid is about Mary. The Bible really only mentions Mary a few times. She is with the 120 followers of Jesus at Pentecost. She witnesses His crucifixion. On a couple of occasions she is among a group of people following him. She is with him at the wedding in Cana. And, of course, we read about her in connection with what we know of Jesus’ birth and boyhood in the Gospel of Luke.

Rivers does these all fairly well with very little embellishment. She also tries to imagine what it must have been like to have had the supernatural experiences Mary did when she was young—visitation by an angel, virgin conception, John the Baptist’s recognition. How could she be sure?

Realistically, when she tells people what had happened, few believe her. When even her own sons do not believe her, she decides it is better to remain silent. There is also a touch of humor because her other children are more difficult to raise than Jesus was. He always seemed so obedient and joyful. She had a much harder time with her other sons and daughters. Why wouldn’t she? It can be a reminder to us not to criticize the way other people raise their children.

Rivers also imagines Mary later on in life, living as John’s adopted mother and sharing her memories with Luke as he is assembling his gospel. She also has to remind people that she has been saved by the grace of God, no different from any other believer.

One distinctive difference between Unafraid and the other books in the series is that Rivers has Mary directly tempted a number of times. Those temptations appear in bold print in the book. They mostly are given to make her doubt about herself and about who Jesus is. I do not know if Mel Gibson had read Unafraid before he made The Passion of the Christ film, but the effect is very similar to the devil character who appears from time to time in that film. The unusual makeup make that figure stand out in the film the way the black print and the genuine doubts stand out in the story. As in the film, the technique is subtle, not overdone, and probably reflects thoughts or temptations that most of us have had at one time or another.

Francine Rivers had good material to begin with, and she makes the most of it.

Lawrence S. Ritter. The Glory of Their Times. Rev. ed. New York: Morrow, 1984. Print.

The Glory of Their Times was considered a baseball classic when it first came out in 1966. The author produced a revised edition in 1984 with four more chapters. Regardless of your age, The Glory of Their Times is worth reading. It is historical, personal, confessional, and simply fun.

Ritter explains what he tried to do in his introduction. He looked for old retired baseball players who played professionally in the first two or three decades of the Twentieth Century and interviewed them about their experiences. While baseball was a business back then, it was much more informal, and even the way it was played was different.

Many of the stories have a similar arc. They began playing for a hometown team when they were teenagers in the 1890s or the aughts. Either someone saw them play or someone knew them and got them to sign a professional contract. In most cases the parents were opposed because baseball players had the reputation of being riffraff. As they became successful players, even the most intransigent father expressed pride over his son. Two men listed all the college graduates on their respective teams to try to show that the reputation of baseball players was undeserved.

We learn that Rube Waddell and Smoky Joe Wood first played professionally as ringers in a supposedly all-girls baseball team. Both were young enough that facial hair was not a giveaway. Indeed, in those days many young men were working by age 14 or 16, and a number of men saw professional baseball as a way out of the usual factory or mining job that employed many of their peers.

A number of players spoke of encounters with Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, and Babe Ruth. It truly does seem that these three were the top players other than pitchers of this era and deserved the attention and acclaim they got. Everyone spoke highly of Wagner and Ruth. We are even told that Cobb was a gentleman—off the playing field.

The name that appears the most in the twenty-six interviews is John McGraw. Many of the men played for him or had dealings with him at some point in their careers. Others played against the teams he managed. He was known for strong language and speaking his mind. It seems they either loved him or hated him. One player expresses his gratitude to all he learned from McGraw. Another expressed how happy he was when he was traded to another team. He apparently had a great baseball mind, but also was a tough contract negotiator.

A spot check notes that four of the twenty-six men interviewed made the Hall of Fame: Paul Waner, Hank Greenberg, Sam Crawford, and Harry Hooper. All the others were fairly solid players who had a good number of good seasons in the major leagues, men like Joe Wood, Chief Myers, Babe Herman, Goose Goslin. A few had just half a dozen years in the majors, but even they have stories to tell about the early years of the major leagues as we know them (1901-present). Fred Snodgrass stood out because he was blamed for losing a World Series; we hear his side of the story, and also a couple of teammates who stick up for him.

A few of these old-timers note that it is difficult to compare players in their era with those in the present. The gloves and balls have certainly changed. Collective bargaining and free agency have made a huge financial difference. One interviewee concedes that Willie Mays might have done well in the dead ball era. Still it is difficult comparing apples and oranges, as they say. I recall reading an interview with Hall of Famer Hugh Duffy, who had seen Ruth, Wagner, Cobb, Speaker, and other stars through the forties but was old enough to remember Mike “King” Kelly (fl. 1878-1893) as “in a class by himself.”¹ You never know.

My generation? My heart has always been with Roberto…

Many thanks to the friend who gave me this book.

¹ Jim Moore and Natalie Vermilyea, Ernest Thayer’s “Casey at the Bat” (Jefferson NC: McFarland, 1994) 253.

Michael A. Morse. All-New Baseball Brain Teasers. New York: Sterling, 2006. Print.

This book is fun. Yes, there are sixty “brain teasers” in All-New Baseball Brain Teasers, but not the usual type that we see in puzzle pages: e.g., how many trips does the ferry man make so the fox and hen are never alone or some list logic puzzle. There are questions about unusual plays in baseball and how the rules tell the umpire what to call.

One set of questions, for example, discuss the balk. Who really understands what a balk is? Other than some umpires? A pitcher throws a ball (i.e., not a strike), the batter does not swing, but the catcher has set up with one foot outside the catcher’s box. A pitcher fakes a throw to third base and then throws to first on a pick-off attempt. Are these balks?

Morse explains the ins and outs of the infield fly rule. It only applies when there are fewer than two outs and runners on base. What if the ball gets carried by the wind after the umpire has already called an infield fly?

There are a number of questions having to do with foul balls vs. fair balls and foul balls vs. foul tips. We know that a baserunner cannot advance on a foul ball. Is he free to steal on a foul tip?

Morse also does a pretty good job explaining the murky rules concerning interference. All examples in the book come from actual professional baseball games—two or three from the minor leagues are mentioned in passing, but all the puzzles come from actual major league games. One example is the famous “purse slap” by Alex Rodriguez in the 2004 Championship Series against Boston. While the book was published before 2013, reading what the rules say about interference may give some closure to the 2013 World Series game that ended when a Cardinal runner was awarded home after he had been tagged out. It was weird, the interference was certainly unintentional, but according to the rules, the umpires got it right. And what about umpire, fan, animal, and bird interference?

There are many such instances in this book. I some ways it is simply an entertaining collection of stories worth reading. In the long run, it could save baseball fans a lot of heartburn if they have a handle on these exceptional rules. Oh, and the umpire is always right.

One slight caveat. As a young Pittsburgh Pirate fan in 1960, I first learned about media bias when the Most Valuable Player of the World Series award was given to a member of the losing team. How could that be? What about Haddix, Law, Clemente, and especially Mazeroski? I remember somebody telling me that the other team was from New York and the press always favors New York. It is very clear that Morse is a Yankee fan, too, but in all fairness, he admits this on the first page, so his honesty helps us accept this obvious bias.

Nathaniel West. Daniel’s Great Prophecy. New York: Hope of Israel, 1898. Google Books 8 Aug 2015. E-book.

———. The World’s Great Problem. Philadelphia: Winston, 1859. Google Books 7 November 2008. E-book.

Daniel’s Great Prophecy is the real deal. It lives up its name. Over the years I have read numerous books on end-times prophecy. I used to work in a Christian bookstore, so I had access to many of them. There really is a good reason that Hal Lindsey’s The Late Great Planet Earth was the biggest selling book in America in the seventies. I have even read some books specifically on the Book of Daniel. This book serves its purpose best.

As the title suggests, Daniel’s Great Prophecy is an examination of the prophecies in the Book of Daniel. This is not a commentary. There is virtually nothing about the Lion’s Den, the Fiery Furnace, or Belshazzar’s Feast. This is about Daniel’s historical prophecies. For that matter it barely touches on the two prophecies that came true in Daniel’s lifetime, Nebuchadnezzar’s madness and Belshazzar’s fall.

This book takes a look at the historical scope of Daniel’s prophecies with the emphasis on the end times. West is very literal but also fairly even handed in his approach. And he is thorough.

He emphasizes the two prophecies in Daniel that detail the four kingdoms that rule the Holy Land. These are found in chapters two (the giant image made of four metals) and seven (the four beasts). In addition chapters eight through twelve are also all prophecies of future events—future with respect to Daniel in the sixth century B.C., and many in the future with respect to us in the twenty-first century A.D.

What is refreshing about this book is that the author does not try to necessarily say that certain prophecies yet to happen must occur a particular manner. He notes that all four of the prophetic kingdoms (Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome) not only take over Israel, but they have dominion in all three of the continents of the Old World. Since the breakup of Rome only the Turks have had an empire in all three, but at the time West is writing, he is unsure of how much longer their reign will last. He notes and emphasizes that the Turks would probably not have been in power at all in his lifetime except that various Western powers made deals with them.

Like some other writers such as Henry Halley of Halley’s Bible Handbook fame, he suggests that the final persecution of Christians and Jews may be based on Islam. He is not dogmatic about it, but he quotes figures of the numbers of Christians executed in his lifetime by the Ottomans. Now this was a decade and a half before the Armenian genocide, but there were already signs that the Sultanate was headed in that direction. He also notes that the woman in Revelation 12, usually seen as representing Israel because she is surrounded by twelve stars for the twelve tribes, stands over the moon, the most common symbol associated with Islam.

Since the world began, no greater crime has been committed—save the crucifixion of Christ—than the introduction of this organized anti-Christian power, in 1856, into the family of civilized and Christian nations by the so-called “Christian Powers” themselves, at a cost of 300,000 lives and 300,000,000 of money, and in the face of gigantic massacres whose atrocities made the blood of mankind run cold. And all the more unutterably guilty have been the “Powers,” since the suosequent massacres in 1860, 1876 and 1894-1897, in south-eastern Europe, Crete, Greece, Armenia, with the slaughter of 130,000 Christians, and a total since 1822 of 162,000, and the destruction of the homes of 1,000,000 sufferers, and the agonies, tortures and dishonor of mothers, daughters and babes, have been allowed by the ” Powers ” to pass unavenged—Russia now consenting—all the “Christian Powers” shelling with their fleets (1897) defenseless Christians fighting to secure their freedom from the Turks! (678-85)

As the last paragraph suggests, West refers frequently to other prophetic Scriptures as well, especially Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel, Zechariah, Matthew 24 and 25, Revelation, and the letters to the Thessalonians. He shows how the different prophecies fit together, especially which ones are describing the same event. An obvious one is when Jesus specifically mentions a prophecy in Daniel. There are numerous others, and West makes a pretty convincing case.

Even in his day, there were those who had different interpretations of end times prophecies, including those who said they should not be taken literally. But when we see so many of the prophecies having already come true—e.g.. Greece will conquer Persia rapidly but that empire will be divided among four leaders with the passing of the first leader—it is hard to take them as mere parables or fictions illustrating spiritual truths.

No, the Book of Daniel and prophecies like those in Matthew give us hope. God does have a plan. He will see it through.

As mentioned in another book by West, he sees the necessity for the Jews to repopulate the Holy Land before the Second Coming. He also says that it is unlikely that many will convert to Christianity until the Lord comes.

He also has fairly convincing arguments about why the pre-tribulation secret rapture will not happen. Apparently by 1898 that teaching had gained some traction among Christians. He says:

It is remarkable how plainly the 70th week dominates the structure of our Lord’s Olivet-Discourse from Matthew 24:15 to Matthew 25:40. Warning against three snares, (1) that His Advent might be any moment, Matthew 24:4-8; (2) that it might be a secret one, Matthew 24:27; (3) that it might precede the close of the Tribulation, Matthew 24:29-31…He makes the Resurrection and the Rapture the first acts at His coming, the gathering of His elect by His angelic ministry, Matthew 24:30-31,40-41,44; Matthew 25:1. (1615-18, 1625-16)

He also does refer to various political events around the world, but holds off connecting them specifically to Bible prophecy. They are general observations mostly about how mankind has fallen short. For example, he is writing as the United States is deliberating about the crisis in Cuba. After the book was already published, of course, America would be involved in the Spanish-American war.

Time and again he refers to what in his day was called the Eastern Question. Now it is usually called the Near Eastern Peace Process, but it seems like the more things change, the more they stay the same.

West was born in 1826 and died in 1906. While reading Daniel’s Great Prophecy, the reader gets the impression that this is his life’s work. The organization, the clarity, the handling of Scripture are all very tight. Earlier works reflect some of his views, but this seems to be the one that puts it all together.

Of course, there may be a few quibbles. People do understand the dates of some of the events described in the Bible differently. West is using the best chronology available at his time. Indeed, in some cases he is probably more accurate than many today. This blog, though, notes a different date for the beginning of the “countdown” for Daniel’s prophecy of weeks (see “The Day the Lord Did Make”). He takes it to begin with Cyrus’s original order to resettle Judah in 536 B.C. The results are different and more specific if one takes it to mean Artaxerxes’ order to establish the city of Jerusalem in 444 B.C.

Those are minor differences because since the time of Jesus we are specifically told NOT to try to set dates (See Matthew 24:36). West gives reasonable interpretations of the Bible to share why the day-year interpretation of prophecy does not usually work. Most of those who have set dates for the Lord’s return usually do that scheme, and they have so far all been unsuccessful: the Millerites, Ellen G. White, the Mormons, the Jehovah’s Witnesses. Even Sir Isaac Newton tried his hand at the day-year substitution though the date he set is still in the future (2060 if you really care to know).

I had a friend who used a yellow highlighter to mark things in books and articles that he thought were important. He used to sometimes say that a particular article should just be dipped in a bucket of yellow ink, everything it had to say was important. I found myself highlighting a lot of Daniel’s Great Prophecy. If it were a print edition, I might need a bucket of yellow ink as well.

The World’s Great Problem is a short piece written much earlier but it reflects a point of view that comes through indirectly in much of West’s book on Daniel.

What is the great problem? Very simply, the world is always looking to create some kind of perfect society. It seems like most ideologies are utopian in some way. He emphasizes that the problem is simply that fallen man cannot set up a perfect anything until Jesus sets up His Kingdom. Even the so-called Christian nations of the West in the author’s day do not trust one another and appear to be building for war. West did not live to see how accurate he was, but it appears to be true.

Fans of C.S. Lewis note this theme in novels like The Last Battle or That Hideous Strength. It has become a common concept in many of the dystopian novels that have appeared in recent years.

It also is certainly true in our day that those who are trying to create some kind of utopia do not tolerate those who do not share their belief about their schemes. We see this in socialism, certainly in Communism and Fascism, and even in the Islamist or Hindu Nationalist movements today. Submit or die. The blood of martyrs is not a foundation for building a perfect society.

Both books, but especially Daniel’s Great Prophecy, are meant to give the reader hope. Read them and see.

N.B. As anyone who has tried to read files posted on Google Books knows by their own admission “you may see spelling mistakes, garbage characters, extraneous images, or missing pages” because of the OCR scanning. There are many spelling mistakes and odd characters in the edition I was reading, but anyone familiar with the English alphabet should be able to understand what was meant in most cases, although it does slow down the reading. For example, a common error was “The Son of Alan” for “The Son of Man.” If you see that a capital A followed by a lower case l could be mistaken for an M, such errors begin to make sense.

Above references cite Kindle locations, not page numbers. Quotations from West citing Bible passages use Roman numerals. I have changed these to Arabic numbers for easier reading and spelled out the names of the books instead of abbreviating them for the Bible citation links to appear in this blog.

Paulette Jiles. News of the World. New York: Morrow, 2016. Print.

When done well, a return story is one of the most exciting and satisfying stories to read. The granddaddy of them all, of course, is The Odyssey, still one of the best stories ever written (or sung). The Italian national novel The Betrothed is another great one. Some feature animals like The Incredible Journey and Lassie Come Home. A recent return novel that received such attention is Cold Mountain. Though not a book, O Brother Where Art Thou? is one of the best contemporary films, and it is The Odyssey with a Southern spin.

News of the World is another, and well worth reading. Its time period is similar to that of Cold Mountain. The setting is reminiscent of Blood Meridian, a book reviewed here. However, the comparison stops there. Imagine Blood Meridian but with characters who understand that the world can be an evil place, but instead of lowering themselves to the gutter level of the world, they attempt to exhibit honor and nobility while overcoming obstacles. In other words, more like Odysseus than the kid.

The title of News of the World and the main character’s occupation help put things in perspective. The story is set in the wide-open spaces of Texas after the Civil War in 1871. There has been no elected government since the war ended and the military occupation is mostly interested in keeping away Indian attacks. It is anarchy and requires character to overcome.

Seventy-one-year-old widower Jefferson Kidd had been a militia sergeant from his native Georgia in the War of 1812. He moved to San Antonio, married, had a family, and although he was pushing fifty, he was drafted into the Army for the Mexican War where he would eventually be promoted to Captain. He is known, then, as Captain Kidd, but he is no pirate.

Civil War taxes and censors took away his property and printing trade. Now he travels from town to town in North and Central Texas reading the news. He gets papers from all over the country and even a few from overseas. In these small towns he is popular and respected enough to make a living. He is a nineteenth century news aggregator. We understand that he sees the big picture. He refuses to read controversial political news from Texas because he wants to stress important discoveries and things the rest of the world is interested in. He also knows that people with guns and strong feelings can be dangerous.

While in Wichita Falls, near the Oklahoma border, he agrees to conduct a white girl who was taken captive by the Kiowa when she was six and held for four years back to her relatives near San Antonio. Her parents were killed in the raid, but she has an aunt and uncle. U.S. Government policy is to reunite Indian captives with their original families.

The girl speaks no English. He is told her name is Johanna, but she sees herself as Cicada. About a third of the way through the novel, the Captain realizes that she had spoken German before (there were many German immigrants in Texas at this time) and slowly begins to communicate with her.

But she is behaving like an Indian through and through. She cannot understand why white people live in boxes and even put wood or cloth over the windows and doors. She is far more comfortable living and sleeping in the Captain’s wagon than in a hotel room.

Along the way they have a number of adventures. There are challenges from the weather and flooding rivers. Many people do not understand why Johanna is the way she is. They are tracked for miles by a white slaver who knows that a young blond girl brings a lot more money than a typical Indian woman.

A few local women try to care for Johanna while the Captain is occupied with other business. Some show some understanding; others, none. Before he gets to San Antonio, Johanna is able to act as the teller collecting the dime admission to his readings.

There are many tender details about caring for horses or fitting clothes. The Captain is always thinking about what he will read at his next reading. Because he usually rides a circuit, he has friends in a number of towns. And, of course, he wants to bring Johanna home. Not only is there anarchy in Texas—itself a challenge for a senior citizen and a ten-year-old girl traveling light—but unlike the wars against the British and Mexican armies, there are no rules of engagement when fighting Indians or those who have no regard for the law.

One town is having a Hatfield-McCoy type feud. The Captain does his best to stay out of it, but the men from one family wonder why the Eastern papers do not carry any news of them. He runs into men who basically have a protection racket (they charge fifty cents, a nice sum but affordable) and others on the trail who show a real concern for their safety.

It is a story that keeps moving and is told well. We care about both main characters. We understand them even if we cannot relate to them. They are clever survivors on this wild Western trail. If Cormac McCarthy had characters with consciences, he might have come up with something like News of the World. Yes, the world can be evil. (See I John 5:19) Yes, the world news tells us that. But there are people and things that still make it a wonderful place.

Spencer Quinn. A Fistful of Collars. New York: Simon, 2012. Print.

A Fistful of Collars is another Chet and Bernie mystery. For the uninitiated, Chet is the dog and the narrator of the tale. Bernie is his master and a private investigator. The titles are canine wordplays of well-known mysteries, though this one plays on an old Clint Eastwood spaghetti Western, a Fistful of Dollars.

It turns out Bernie is hired (he is always in need of money) to keep an eye on a temperamental movie star who is starring in a Western that is being filmed in the California desert valley where Bernie and Chet live. Thad Perry vaguely resembles Tom Cruise.

When Bernie first meets him, Thad challenges him to a boxing match. Thad keeps in shape partly by doing boxing drills, but Bernie was an actual boxer while he was in the service. It is hard to tell whether Bernie’s “whupping” of Thad makes Thad angry or respectful.

The plot gets curious and complicated. Bernie is hired not by the filming company or producers but by the mayor’s office. The mayor wants to make sure that Thad behaves and that the valley gets a good reputation in Hollywood. Chet and Bernie follow Thad’s main bodyguard to an abandoned neighborhood where he gives a mean looking guy a wad of money. When Bernie returns with some police friends, Chet finds that unsavory character dead from a stab wound. Bernie realizes there is more to Thad and company than meets the eye.

Bernie’s girlfriend Suzie gets a great job opportunity and moves to Washington DC to work for a big-name newspaper there. Suzie recommends he gets in touch with a reporter whom she had worked with and seems to have made a connection between Thad and the valley. (N.B.: Keep in mind that all the narrative is from the dog’s perspective, so this valley, though in Southern California, is not THE Valley.)

Bernie arranges a meeting with this reporter, but when he gets to the rendezvous, he discovers her body with a big stab wound in a dumpster. There are a number of other weird goings on. What started out as a glorified babysitting job becomes something else entirely.

What is really bugging Thad Perry? What has his bodyguard been up to? Is there another reason why the mayor’s office is so interested in keeping an eye on Mr. Perry? Will Bernie and Suzie find true love?

As with the past episodes in the series, A Fistful of Collars is well plotted, but kept down to earth and with comic relief as we see it all from Chet’s point of view. Oh yeah, Thad Perry has a pet—an enormous black cat. How can anyone trust a cat person?

Nathaniel West. Second Coming of Christ. Chicago: Revell, 1879. Google Books. 2012. E-book.
———. The Right and Left Hand Blessings of God. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publications, 1853. Google Books. 13 Jan 2009. E-book.

A friend who recently completed a master’s program at a seminary recommended nineteenth century author Nathaniel West for books on Bible prophecy. He is not to be confused with Nathanael West, the twentieth century author known especially for his Day of the Locust. That book alludes to Bible prophecy, too. Maybe they are not so different after all.

West’s books are long out of print, but Google Books has posted some of them online. It turns out that Second Coming of Christ is not actually written by West, even though he is listed as its author. It is a collection of essays and lectures edited by West. There are thirteen separate essays and lectures plus an appendix with excerpts from other documents.

There is one focus to Second Coming of Christ: the Millennium. In the Bible, Revelation 20:1-10 describes a thousand-year reign of Jesus over the earth after He returns. This is called the Millennium from the Latin or the Chiliasm from the Greek.

Over the centuries Christians have debated the prophetic significance of these verses. Some say the Millennium refers to events that have already taken place such as the fall of the Roman Empire. Others say that it describes the Church Age, in other words, it is a summary of world history since the first century. Other say that the Millennium is a time in the future, a prophecy that is yet to be fulfilled.

Historically, many interpreters from the time of Augustine on have advocated one of the first two. Most Reformed churches take the first as their understanding. This was probably the case of West’s own Presbyterians back in 1879. The official position of the Catholic Church is the second. The contributors to Second Coming of Christ take the third, the most literal interpretation.

At the time this was written millennialists were in a distinct minority. This is not necessarily so today. Many of the arguments for the position are repeated in several essays, so there is a certain repetitiveness, but each one takes a different approach.

Many years ago I read Irenaeus’s Against the Heresies. Irenaeus lived around the year A.D. 140. His mentor was Polycarp of Smyrna, who had studied under John, the author of Revelation. Irenaeus would sometimes write, “Polycarp said that John said.” In other words, from a Biblical perspective, he had some authority. Irenaeus clearly understood a literal millennium after Christ returns. He even wrote that it would be a Sabbath rest for the world, after six thousand years of turmoil. Many of the authors in Second Coming refer to Irenaeus and other early church fathers (i.e., from the first three centuries), the majority of whom were like Irenaeus and took the prophecy literally.

From a contemporary perspective, two things are worthy to note. All the presentations that touch on the subject express the belief that Jesus will return after the so-called Antichrist has been revealed. This is a literal interpretation of Revelation 19:19-20 and II Thessalonians 2:3-8. No author or speaker mentions a “rapture” apart from the Second Coming.

One author does mention in passing Edward Irving, the person who in the 1830s first came up with the idea that Christians would be taken out of the world before the Antichrist was revealed and Jesus returned openly. That author merely notes that Irving had translated a popular French book on Bible prophecy into English and calls him “erratic in some things but still a noble soul.”

The other notable item from a modern perspective is that some of the writers and speakers state explicitly that the Jews must be gathered back to the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem, before the Millennium will come to pass. Many Scriptures are cited, but one that stood out was Zechariah 12:10 along with chapters 35 through 39 of Ezekiel. Of course in 1879 it would still be nearly seventy years before that would come to pass in 1948, or eighty-eight years if we consider Jewish rule of Jerusalem which did not happen until 1967 (see Luke 21:24).

Regardless of what is happening in Israel or what the pope might be doing, several writers note perhaps the most important thing about God’s promises for the future. In every generation those who are devoted to the Lord are looking forward to His coming. That is what really matters. Jesus is coming back and bringing an honest justice to the world. There will come a time when the earth and mankind shall fulfill the vision and intent God had from the beginning.

This is vastly good news “to all them that also love his appearing.” (II Timothy 4:8 KJV) “Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the Great God and our Savior Jesus Christ.” (Titus 2:13 KJV)

The Right and Left Hand Blessings of God is short, more like a tract or perhaps a message based on a sermon or two. It is very simple and direct teaching taking its cue from Proverbs 3:16. The Scripture tells us that God has different blessings from His right hand and His left hand. The right hand gives “length of days” and, hence, eternal life. The left hand gives riches and honor.

God’s promise of eternal life applies to all who receive it by faith. He does not take that away. His grace is unconditional. However, He does not always give riches and honor. Not only that, but as Job reminds us, they can be taken away.

West notes that, unlike God, people cannot extend life to anyone. However, they can share riches and they can honor others. For humans, this becomes the right hand blessing. Indeed, when we face someone our right hand is opposite their left. West tells us that a left hand blessing coming from a person is literally sinister. (See Matthew 6:3) West also makes a case for tithing since most biblical examples, even in the Old Testament, are apart from the Law.

It could be summed up in the saying “God loves a cheerful giver” (See II Corinthians 9:6-7) or “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” (Acts 20:35) Give. And then wait and see what God does. West would say that applies to both giving and prophecy…

Martin W. Sandler. Iron Rails, Iron Men, and the Race to Link the Nation. Somerville MA: Candlewick P, 2015. Print.

Iron Rails, Iron Men presents a gripping overview of the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. There had been no construction project quite like it, and it was remarkable that it was completed at all.

The book profiles a number of leaders who had a hand in it such as Theodore Judah, who envisioned it and actually helped form the Central Pacific Railroad to save months on the China trade, and William T. Sherman, who as a junior officer in the 1850s served on one of the U.S. Army surveys to determine the best route. The project actually began in 1863 during the Civil War. President Lincoln saw this as a way to further unite the country. Till then politicians argued over whose states should get the route, but with eleven southern states out of the discussion thanks to the war, Lincoln got the support he needed.

The project began to accelerate after the war. Veterans used to following orders and living a military routine fit in well. Irish immigrants escaping famine and looking for work were eager. General Grenville Dodge had done the most to keep Union railroads intact during the war, so he was recruited to supervise the Union Pacific Railroad construction from Omaha to Utah.

There were also, famously, the Chinese on the Central Pacific Railroad (Sacramento to Utah). Leland Stanford, one of the chief officers of the CPRR, thought they would be too small, but one of the other officers Charles Crocker said, “They built the Great Wall, didn’t they?” Not only were they skilled workers, but they stayed healthy. In the Sierras most water was from dirty streams and tarns, and many men sickened. But the Chinese always heated their water or made tea before drinking it, so they avoided a lot of the illnesses contracted by the other men.

The passes and trails in the Sierras were probably the most challenging to pass a railroad through, especially chipping and blasting out a towering ledge known as Cape Horn and building the Summit Tunnel a third of a mile through solid granite. Blizzards and snow avalanches caused them to build snow shacks like covered bridges to keep the lines open and the work progressing.

Alongside both railroads went telegraph lines. When the Golden Spike was finally driven in May 1869, word went out over the wires immediately to both coasts.

Thousands of men participated in this effort. Hundreds died. Sherman, now a general, had to send out troops to protect the construction workers on the plains from Indian attacks. William Cody earned his nickname Buffalo Bill by hunting bison to feed the workers. While the railroad would bring the states together and really open up the West, it also would contribute to the disruption of the traditional lives of the Native Americans and the decimation of the bison herd.

Iron Rails, Iron Men contains an interesting epilogue. Some of the leaders of the project were honored—Dodge was elected to Congress without even campaigning and would get Dodge City, Kansas, named after him. Some of the railroad executives would get involved with the Crédit Mobilier scandal. James Strobridge, the Central Pacific construction boss, would recall in a 1917 interview the names of the nine men responsible for laying ten miles of rail in a single day. Seven were Irish. He recalled, “Nobody was crowded, nobody was hurt, nobody lost a minute.” (155)

Photographs and engravings of the project appear on every other page. In many cases, the picture is worth many words. Both railroads were alert to public relations to encourage investment. If nothing else, the pictures give a sense of the geography and construction challenges the builders of the railroad met.

Yes, it was a race, as the full title suggests. The UPRR and CPRR tried to outdo the other, but as they were getting closer, they did have to come to an agreement on where they would join. On the day he was sworn in, President Grant told the companies that they would be getting no more government support until they agreed where the tracks should connect. By the ninth of April, they had negotiated to meet at Promontory Summit, Utah. So they did. The country and even the world were never the same again.